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[Sep. 25th, 2007|10:51 am] |
Right. One down, two more to go for this week. Cattle and Sheep theory this afternoon and Surgical Nursing theory Thursday afternoon.
HAAAAAAAAAAH. YES. I got 89% for Anatomy and Physiology and 91% for Nutrition! yay! pass!
... However, along with everyone else in my class aside from ONE person, I failed the Surgical Nursing pract. Fuck. What sucks the most is that we don't even know exactly what it was that we did wrong, and we still have to do it again.. I seriously can't figure out what I screwed up. It's a pretty marginal thing though, there's lots of stuff you get tested on, and if you get one thing the slightest bit wrong.. you fail the entire practical. So I probably screwed up something important and noticeable without actually realising. I *think* it might've been my gown folding, because she looked at me weird when I presented it. Le sigh. More practicing, I guess. Atleast we can do it again.. :D.
... I'm pretty sure I did really badly in the health and disease exam we just did. I guessed atleast half the questions. Craaap. I hope I atleast get over 70%, because then atleast I can sit a supp.. that's seriously all I'm holding onto right now. Ahah.
Blah. More exam notes. Because I'll need them later.
CATTLE THEORY
TOPIC 1 BREEDS AND TERMINOLOGY:
Classification:
FAMILY: Bovidae
GENUS: Bos
SPECIUS INCLUDE: Taurus and Indicus
Origins:
x Domesticated 7,000BC sepeerately in Nth India and Africa
x Became extninct in the 17th Century
x Large wild cattle 1.75 high at the withers
BREEDS
The Bateng:
- Bos of South East Asia, introduced to Nth Australia in 1849
- Wild and domestic population
- ~ 1.6m at withers, bulls weigh 700 - 800Kg
The Gaurs - Bos Gaurus
- Large, dark coated Bos of South East and Suthern Asia
- Wild and domesticated Populations
- Found mainly in India
- Bulls weigh up to 1 tonne
The Yak - Bos grunniens
- Wild and domestic Bos of highland and south central Asia
- Wild form 2m at withers, can weigh up too 1tonne
- Domestic form half of this size
Bos Taurus
- European Cattle
- Docile temprement
- East to handle
- Fast growing
- High fertility
- Suitable for climate extremes
Bos taurus breeds:
BEEF:
x hereford
x shorthorn
x angus
x charolais
x murray grey
x limousin
DAIRY:
- Holstein - Freiesian
- Jersey
- Guernsey
- Australian Illawarra shorthorn
European Beef Breeds
- Early maturing: fat deposition
- Rounded profile, well developed back end
- Heavy muscling - masculine appearance
THE HEREFORD:
- Origins in herefordshire in UK
- Most common breed in temperate Australia
- Early maturing, good carcass formation
THE SHORTHORN:
- Developed in North East England
- Initially for dairy and beef
- Red, white and roan
- Poor carcass formation
THE ANGUS:
- Origins in scotland
- Black or red
- Early maturing breed
- Suited to harsh climates
- Infamous for kicking backward
THE CHAROLAIS:
- French breed
- Late maturing
- Lean and heavy muscled
- Renowned for calving problems
THE MURRAY GREY:
- Australian breed
- Developed by crossing the angus and the shorthorn
- Silvery grey in colour
- Early maturing
- Docile; generally easy to handle
THE LIMOUSIN:
- French
- Lean carcass
- Matures late
- Introduced to Australia in 1980's
DAIRY BREEDS:
x Selected for 'lactation performance'
x Late maturing - lean
x Angular/'feminine' frame
x Poor carcass formation
x Supported by irrigation
THE HOLSTEIN FREIESIAN:
- The most popular and common dairy breed world wide.
- Intelligent, docile and quick to learn
- can produce 7, 000 - 10, 000 liters pre annum, 50 litres per day at peak lactation
- Require excellent nutrition for maanximum production
THE JERSEY:
- Originated in the Channel Islands
- Small
- Cows= docile Bulls = dangerous
- Fatty milk
- Low milk production, but excellent for dry land dairying
THE GUERNSEY:
- Channel Islands breed
- Larger than Jersey
- Cows weigh 500, bulls weigh 600 - 700
THE AUSTRALIAN ILLOWARRA SHORTHORN:
- Developed in coastal NSW
- Red, white + roan
- Easy calving, hardy dairy breed
THE BOS INDICUS (Zebu):
- Asiatic and African cattle
- Heat and tick tolerant
- Late maturing
- Very active and intelligent, can be difficult to handle
- Prone to gut parasites when kept in temperate zone
THE BRAHMAN:
- Developed im the USA in the 20th century
- Bos Indicus X Bos Taurus
THE AMZ (Australian Milking Zebu_
- Developed by the CSIRO
- Sahiwal X Red Sindhi X Jersey
- Heat and tick resistant
- Similar to jersey in appearance
POINTS OF A COW:
Withers = Shoulders
Poll = lumpy thing on head between ears
Jugular furrow = Near neck, below thorax
Brisket = Saggy skin between front legs - 'chest'
Knee = Knee..
Fetlock = Foot foint. (same as metatarsus in dogs)
Stifle = Upper thigh bone
Hock = (same as metatarsus in dogs)
Pin bones = sharp bones beaneanth tail
Tail head = bones that compose the beginning of the tail
POINTS OF A BULL:
Hump = hypertrophic muscular build up above shoulder blade of mature bulls
Dewlap = floppy skin between front legs, part of chest
Sheath = pen0r.
Rump = butt
Scrotum = BALLZ
CATTLE BEHAVIOR:
- Conditioned behvarior
- Reflexes and learned behavior
- Instinctive and internal drives
- Other facotors eg; hormonal, gutfill
EARLY EXPERIENCES:
- Young animals = very impressionable
- Importance of handling in early life
- Interaction with members of herd important to establish behaviour norms
- Learn by trial and error and imitation
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR:
- Social interaction may influence production
- Mainly consists of establishment and maintenance of hierachy
- Peck order becomes important in cases of crowding
- Violation of personal place with result in aggressive threat displays
- In cattle yards, dominant animals place themselves furtherest away from people and other potential danger as possible
FEEDING BEHAVIOR:
- Cattle can own graze pasture protruding greater than 1cm from the soil
- use the tongue to grap, no incisors
- Prefer green to dry, leaf to stem
- Grazing becomes nocturnal in hot weather
Other factors:
- Removing an animal from its herd is a stressful experience
- Allow calves to 'mother up' before turning out
CATTLE TRANSPORT QUICK OVERVIEW:
- Introduce different groups of cattle 3 weeks prior to transport
- Rest after mustering
- Dont load cows within 1 month of calving
- Wait four days before loading a cow which has calved
- When unloading, feed hay before giving access to pasture
RESTRAINT: CATTLE YARDS
- Cattle yard design should take advantage of the animals natural preference to move in circles
- Protrusion free, solid construction
- Shade and water important
- Well draining non slip surfaces only
Components:
x Entry gates and yard
x Holding yards with water troughs
x Drafting pens
x Bugle/forcing pen
x The race
x Crush and head bales
x Loading ramp
Prevention of kicking:
- Tail jack - lifting tail up vertically
- Leg ropes - figure 8 above hocks
- Flank rope - Rope around flank and infront of hind legs
- Anti kick frames
IDENTIFICATION:
- Freeze brands
- Ear tags
- Fire brands
- Microcships + boluses
Ear tags:
- Semi permanent identification
- Animals can be identified from a distnace - no handling required
- Require applicator and head restraint for application
- Can be easily torn out
Freeze brands:
- Permanent individual visual identification
- Require pigmeneted hair - freeze brands are white, cannot be seen on white fur
- Slow application, requires specialied equipment
Fire brands:
- Permanent record of ownership - property registered
- Creates a scar that prevents hair regrowth
- Welfare concerns - pain involved in procedure
- Red hot iron applied to skin for 3 seconds. (Yes. Just like in Jackass when Bam Margera gets multiple penises branded on his ass)
Ear Tatts:
- Pezrmanent record of identifciation
- Can indicate ownershoip or identify animals individually
- On the inside of the ear
CATTLE NUTRITION
- Digestive system similar to a sheep
- Graze pasture less closely than sheep
- Require a minimum of fibre content for health - haaaay
DENTITION
- Right lower incisors with an upper dental pad
- Temporary incisors: 18 - 24 mnths
- Central permanents: 2 years
- Corner perms: 4 years
- Gummy mouth: 7 - 8 yrs onwards
Health Parameters
- Normal behavior and appetite
- Temp: ~ 38.5
- RR: 10 - 30/ min
- HR: 55 - 80/ min
- Ruminal movements: minimum of 1/3 mins
... BLAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHH.
AHAHAHA. The funniest thing just happened. I was pretty much asleep on my desk, when all a sudden someone comes up and starts like.. hitting me on my back (not hard or anything, just like playfully). And I'm just like.. wha?! At first I thought it was Darien and so I was about to turn around and like.. jump her for disturbing my slumber.. but then it was this guy. And he was all like "OH NOZ IM SO SORRY I THOUGHT YOU WERE SOMEONE ELSE AHAHAHA HOW EMBARASSING" lol, it was pretty funny. Apparently he thought I was someone called Sarah who had been sitting here before me.. Lol wtf.
Anyway. I'm off to fail my sheep and cattle exam. Hmm. I haven't studied for sheep at all, and I don't remember ANYTHING about the cattle stuff, especially not the indepth stuff about the parasites.. ahh fuckkk.
Blah.
<3x
Skitch |
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